What is Protocol Data Unit?

The processes at each layer of the OSI model.

Layers                                                            PDU

Transport                                                       Segments

Network                                                         Packets/Datagrams

Data Link                                                       Frames

Physical                                                         Bits

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What is difference between Switch & Hub?

Switch:

Switches operate at Layer 2 Data Link Layer

Address Learning

Forward / Filter decision using MAC address

Loop Avoidance

Breakup collision domains

Switches create separate collision domains but a single broadcast domain

Hub:

Hub operates at Layer 1 Physical Layer

No Filtering

No Addressing

Hub creates single collision domain and single broadcast domain

Make forwarding to all the ports when signal is arrived

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What Is Protocol

A set of rules for a particular type of communication.

Two types of Protocol

1.Connection Oriented                2.Connectionless Oriented

Connection Oriented

1.Follows the same path for data transfer

2.Acknowledgement

3.Reliable

4.e.g. TCP, SPX, AppleTalk datagram protocol

Connectionless Oriented

1.Follows the path where less traffic is found

2.No Acknowledgement

3.Non-Reliable

4.e.g. IP, IPX, UDP, AppleTalk protocol

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